Почему - Саманта Клейнберг (2017)

Tulppo, M. P., Hautala, A. J., Mäkikallio, T. H., Laukkanen, R. T., Nissilä, S., Hughson, R. L., and Huikuri, H. V. (2003). Effects of aerobic training on heart rate dynamics in sedentary subjects. Journal of Applied Physiology, 95(1): 364–372.

Turner, E. H., Matthews, A. M., Linardatos, E., Tell, R. A., and Rosenthal, R. (2008). Selective Publication of Antidepressant Trials and Its Influence on Apparent Efficacy. The New England Journal of Medicine, 358(3): 252–260.

Tversky, A. and Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Science, 185(4157): 1124–1131.

Uttich, K. and Lombrozo, T. (2010). Norms inform mental state ascriptions: A rational explanation for the side-effect effect. Cognition, 116(1): 87–100.

Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2004). When are observational studies as credible as randomised trials? The Lancet, 363(9422): 1728–1731.

Vickers, A. (2010). What is a P-value anyway?: 34 stories to help you actually understand statistics. Addison-Wesley, Boston.

Vlahos, J. (2012). The Case of the Sleeping Slayer. Scientific American, 307(3): 48–53.

Waldmann, M. R. and Hagmayer, Y. (2005). Seeing Versus Doing: Two Modes of Accessing Causal Knowledge. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 31(2): 216–227.

Ward, A. C. (2009). The role of causal criteria in causal inferences: Bradford Hill’s “aspects of association.” Epidemiologic Perspectives & Innovations, 6(1): 2.

Watts, D. J. (2011). Everything Is Obvious: How Common Sense Fails Us. Crown Business, New York.

Waxman, O. B. (2012). Secret to Winning a Nobel Prize? Eat More Chocolate. TIME.com. Retrieved from

Weiss, N. S. (2002). Can the “Specificity” of an Association be Rehabilitated as a Basis for Supporting a Causal Hypothesis? Epidemiology, 13(1): 6–8.

White, P. (2013). Apportionment of responsibility in medical negligence. North East Law Review, 1: 147–151.

Wicks, P., Vaughan, T. E., Massagli, M. P., and Heywood, J. (2011). Accelerated clinical discovery using self-reported patient data collected online and a patient-matching algorithm. Nature Biotechnology, 29(5): 411–414.

Wiener, N. (1956). The theory of prediction. In E. Beckenbach (ed.), Modern Mathematics for the Engineer, pp. 165–190. McGraw-Hill, New York.

Wolpert, D. H. and Macready, W. G. (1997). No free lunch theorems for optimization. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 1(1): 67–82.

Woodward, J. (2005). Making Things Happen: A Theory of Causal Explanation. Oxford University Press, New York.

Woolf, A. (2000). Witchcraft or Mycotoxin? The Salem Witch Trials. Clinical Toxicology, 38(4): 457–460.

Wright, R. W. (1985). Causation in Tort Law. California Law Review, 73(6): 1735–1828.

Wright, R. W. (1987). Causation, Responsibility, Risk, Probability, Naked Statistics, and Proof: Pruning the Bramble Bush by Clarifying the Concepts. Iowa Law Review, 73: 1001–1077.

Wright, R. W. (2007). Acts and Omissions as Positive and Negative Causes. In J. W. Neyers, E. Chamberlain, and S. G. A. Pitel (eds.), Emerging Issues in Tort Law, pp. 287–307. Hart Publishing, Oxford.

Writing Group for the Women’s Health Initiative Investigators (2002). Risks and Benefits of Estrogen Plus Progestin in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: Principal Results From the Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA, 288(3): 321–333.

Young, S. S. and Karr, A. (2011). Deming, data and observational studies. Significance, 8(3): 116–120.

Yule, G. U. (1903). Notes on the Theory of Association of Attributes in Statistics. Biometrika, 2(2): 121–134.