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66 Susan Blackmore, The Meme Machine (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).

67 David Christian, Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), 344–345; Angus Maddison, The World Economy, vol. 2 (Paris: Development Centre of the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001), 636; ‘Historical Estimates of World Population, U.S. Census Bureau, accessed December 10, 2010,

68 Maddison, The World Economy, vol. 1, 261.

69 "Gross Domestic Product 2009", The World Bank, Data and Statistics, accessed December 10, 2010, DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf.

70 Christian, Maps of Time, 141.

71 Самое крупное современное грузовое судно перевозит около 100 тысяч тонн. В 1470 году совокупный тоннаж мирового торгового флота составлял 730 тысяч тонн (Maddison, The World Economy, vol. 1, 97).

72 Крупнейший мировой банк – Королевский банк Шотландии – на 2007 год хранил депозиты общей стоимостью 1,3 триллиона долларов. Это впятеро больше совокупного мирового производства за 1500 год. См. ‘Annual Report and Accounts 2008’, The Royal Bank of Scotland, 35, accessed December 10, 2010, com/downloads/RBS/626570033x0x278481/eb7a003a-5c9b-41ef-bad3-81fb98a6c823/RBS_GRA_2008_09_03_09.pdf.

73 Ferguson, Ascent of Money, 185–198.

74 Jennie B. Dorman et al., ‘The age-1 and daf-2 Genes Function in a Common Pathway to Control the Lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans\ Genetics 141:4 (1995), 1399–1406; Koen Houthoofd et al., ‘Life Extension via Dietary Restriction is Independent of the Ins/IGF-1 Signaling Pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans, Experimental Gerontology 38:9 (2003), 947–954.

75 Maddison, The World Economy, vol. 1,31; Wrigley, English Population History, 295; Christian, Maps of Time, 450, 452; ‘World Health Statistic Report 2009’, 35–45, World Health Organization, accessed December 10, 2010

76 Wrigley, English Population History, 296.

77 Там же.

78 Michael Prestwich, Edward I (Berkley: University of California Press, 1988), 125–126.

79 Stephen R. Bown, Scurvy: How a Surgeon, a Mariner, and a Gentleman Solved the Greatest Medical Mystery of the Age of Sail (New York: Thomas Dunne Books, St. Matin's Press, 2004); Kenneth John Carpenter, The History of Scurvy and Vitamin C (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).

80 James Cook, The Explorations of Captain James Cook in the Pacific, as Told by Selections of his Own Journals 1768–1779, ed. Archibald Grenfell Price (New York: Dover Publications, 1971), 16–17; Gananath Obeyesekere, The Apotheosis of Captain Cook: European Mythmaking in the Pacific (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), 5; J.C. Beaglehole, ed., The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery, vol. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968), 588.

81 Mark, Origins of the Modern World, 81.

82 Christian, Maps of Time, 436.

83 John Darwin, After Tamerlane: The Global History of Empire since 1405 (London: Allen Lane, 2007), 239.

84 Soli Shahvar, ‘Railroads i. The First Railroad Built and Operated in Persia, in the Online Edition of Encyclopaedia Iranica, last modified April 7, 2008, Charles Issawi, ‘The Iranian Economy 1925–1975: Fifty Years of Economic Development’, in Iran under the Pahlavis, ed. George Lenczowski (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1978), 156.

85 Mark, The Origins of the Modern World, 46.

86 Kirkpatrik Sale, Christopher Columbus and the Conquest of Paradise (London: Tauris Parke Paperbacks, 2006), 7-13.